The Importance Through The Theories Of Critical Thinking Education Essay

As the consequence of the great advancement in scientific discipline particularly, the pure and applied scientific discipline and modern engineering, there is necessity to learn the accomplishments of critical thought in our schools so, the research will discourse the definition, the importance through the theories of critical thought. I will seek to speak about to what extent the hinderances of using the accomplishments of critical thought in Egypt and how to get the better of these jobs. The research will offer how can we appreciate the value of critical thought and how can we use some accomplishments to do usage of its benefits. Critical thought means the ability of favoritism between premises and generalisations or between facts and claims or revised and unrevised cognition.Critical thought forms the mental procedures and the schemes and the represents which people use in work outing jobs and in doing determination and larning new constructs. Critical thought is the ability to measure the cogency, value and pureness of things that may be information or mathematical amount ; this means critical thought is really accurate and nonsubjective. In other words it is the ability to give judgement merely in instance of finishing groundss, besides it is measuring harmonizing to exact standards. It is a mental procedure which includes a group of believing accomplishments that can be used separately or corporate. There are some accomplishments that can be as indexs for critical thought for illustration, favoritism between facts which can be proved and doing certain of its cogency and ego premises. The ability to distin guish between information and causes which related or do non related to the affair.Identifying the cogency the cognition beginning. Recognize the premise and enigmas statements.Identifying the premises which are unseeable or that are involved in the text. Investigating the prejudice or the bias.Realizing the logic fallacies.Realising the contrast or incompatibility in the logical thinking procedure.Identifying the power of cogent evidence and the claim. The critical thought has become really necessary for fixing citizens who will confront a batch of challenges next ages. Sometimes some people see the critical thought in instruction non of import. They can non understand that the pure and applied scientific disciplines for the people in recent universe gift and necessitate critical thought. It is really of import for the instructors to recognize this fact and they should make their best to learn it for the students from their early ages.There is a strong relationship between the justice on the instructors and if they have the quality of critical thought. It is required these yearss to increase the accomplishments of crititical thought for the instructors during their preparing in establishments and university. To grantee the improving of educational results, it is really of import for the instructors to utilize the theoretical accounts of divergent believing during their lessons to take their students to believe critically.To my head , I think the instructors who use the manners of divergent thought is better than those who use the theoretical accounts of coverage and retrieving in their instruction.In educational procedure when the address of the instructors including higher cognitive procedures, the students, public presentation will be better in the trials of critical believing.The critical thought happens when the students form the significance, they will hold to explicate, analyse and treat the information towards the jobs so, the individual should capture the undermentioned qualities to get the accomplishments of critical thought for illustration, the accomplishments of concentration, roll uping informations, memory, forming, analysis, production and the integrating. Teaching the accomplishments of critical thought in course of study help the students to take part strongly in the procedures of analysis and doing premises and the activities of work outing jobs. The accomplishment of critical thought involve s seven abilities, they are, Mathematical, Verbal, Spatial, Kinetic, Musical, intrapersonal and societal. Critical thought means the ability to reflect judgement about what to believe. It is good believing about the antonym of unlogical ; irrational thought. Critical thought is a portion of originative thought. Peoples who think critically are normally in demand to show about their observation, experience, verbal or written looks or statements. They have ability to believe clearly and rationally. It is a sort of independence in believing which leads to work out jobs. It is non necessary for students who think critically to hold good memories and know tonss of facts are good at critical believing.Critical minds are able to infer effects through what they know and they are able to use and do use the different information to work out jobs and to seek relevant beginnings of information to inform themselves. As I mentioned before the accomplishment of critical thought demands stimulation and motive to promote students to believe critically-to my mind-that can be achieved through good course of studies, fit environment inside and outside school, adept instructors, modern engineering in instruction, doing usage of theories and educational researches and valuable methodological analysis.Let ‘s analyze these elements of success through the educational procedure in Schools in Egypt and how we can use the accomplishments of critical thought in our schools but foremost there is an of import inquiry, what are the hinderances that block the accomplishments of critical thought in our schools. First of all there are two ways of instruction that are applied in our schools the first 1 is what to believe, the 2nd 1 is how to believe so, the instructors who teach pupils what to believe they -in this way-stop the accomplishment of critical thought because they merely trade with the first mental ability that is aa‚ ¬ † harmonizing to Bloom ‘s Taxonomy-knowledge, in other words they merely cover with the accomplishments of memory and memorizing. Students in this manner are deprived from the high order undertakings that can take them to higher abilities in Bloom ‘s Taxonomy such as, comprehension, application, analysis and synthesis. These last phases of thought can take students to believe critically that is because the purposes, activities, exercisings and Methods that can take to construing, depicting, forming, application, analysis will take to believe critically so work outing jobs eventually creativeness that is our award. We need to set up a sort of independence in believing which lead to work out jobs. There is a fact that is non necessary for students who think critically to hold a good memories and cognize a batch of facts are good minds and this is good index for the instructors to assist most pupils to believe in a critic manner because critical minds are able to infer effects through what they know and they are able to use and do usage of information to work out jobs and to seek the relevant beginnings of information to inform themselves. One of the most hard jobs that challenge using accomplishments of critical thought in Egypt that is the great attending in educational procedure centered around the concluding trials and how all the responsible in instruction system even parents prepare for the concluding tests about since the first twenty-four hours of school or before the get downing the school twelvemonth.The merely standards of the success is merely Markss and tonss in the concluding tests even the judgement of intelligence and the gifted by the consequence of the tests. Imagine that the most attempts how to retrieve exact information to reply merely in the test as the consequence the information may be evaporated easly.Although the trials are really of import as they reflect and evaluate the public presentation in educational procedure, there are besides other activities that can better students, believing accomplishments. As a remark for this point instructors can use inquiries that enable students to believe. For illustration in Science, it is non necessary for the students to state the same stairss for particular experiment they may be asked if they can make it in another manner and that is I meant- by stating before, – what to believe aa‚ ¬ † how to believe, in this manner pupils will habituate to the peculiar types of inquiries that can take to believe critically. Another of import point that may steal opportunities the accomplishments of critical thought that is the time- the period -of the lesson. If there is no adequate clip to give students infinites to believe, it will be difficult to cover with complex mental processes accordingly, the students may non bring forth different critical thoughts.Although there are sufficient instructors and superb pupils in Egypt, forming the clip and its limited impose either instructors and pupils concentrate merely on basic cognition in course of study so, the Ministry Of Education in Egypt has taken some determinations to better different accomplishments for illustration, constructing particular categories for who are gifted, increasing topics, extra trials, different competions, higher Markss for the pupils who have ability to believe good, different exhibitions for pupils who can present new thoughts, nines for sience, awards, flushing categories and jubilations for who progressed. As these antic stair ss for promoting students to make their best, there is a shade is called concluding test that can interrupt old attempts for illustration, a batch of pupils who portion in some extra activities sometimes they do non go on because they feel that they will lose their lessons, they and their parents think their extra reading may blow clip they must salvage for the test. Although the Ministry Of Education launched a batch of educational channels working twenty four hours besides a batch of web sites on the cyberspace, in Egypt there nil can replace the instructors, accounts. One of the most of import things that can develop creativeness and the accomplishments of critical Thinking is the course of studies. If the course of studies are designed to show critical and recent instances and applied fit conditions for good affairs that will assist pupils to believe in critic manner. In Egypt now there is a great spring in planing course of studies, they have become more stronger than the past, particularly the authorities provided schools with different modern engineering for case, there are a batch of computing machines, labs, Media suites and different educational devices all these tech. to function course of studies but the job that can blockade critical thought although the course of studies give opportunities to scope pupils ‘ head, most pupils barely to read another sorts of books except school books that is because most of them study two periods a twenty-four hours about from eight Os, clock in the forenoon to seven in the eventide may more than this so, there is no adequate clip to read more.I think the period of semesters are excessively long for the students to experience aroused for reading.To solve this job, there is an exciting plan in Egypt is called reading for all this plan is held each twelvemonth in summer and there are books in all Fieldss of cognition, the books sometimes free or in really inexpensive monetary values but the kids prefer to bask providing and merriment because they have merely small clip to play and hold merriment. Another serious instance the velocity development in engineering affected on two ways, the first 1 is the pupils sit in forepart of computing machines and use the different sets to play, chew the fating, listening to music and watching films for a long clip though the utilizing of these engineering is really good to develop the accomplishments of believing by and large, it can besides blockade their surveies. The 2nd consequence is for parents to acquire these engineerings, it is much cost that leads them to work more than usual consequently parents remain long clip outside houses so, kids miss of import beginning of information that lead them sometimes to depend on their bound experience in their survey or inquire person else who may be useless. In this manner most students can non better their critical side. One of exciting factors that can blockade creativeness in instruction is poverty, there are a batch of gifted and intelligent students have to work or make non complete their surveies because of money, these students might hold been great people in the hereafter if they had completed their surveies.Malnutrition is playing a function in lessen the ability of believing.Pollution besides affects negatively on thinking-scientists said that-heavy and poison constituents that resulted in pollution surround the encephalon and organize a bed that causes a sort of mental disability.Niosy plays a function in dispersion thought, the schools and houses that are located in crowded topographic points suffer from noisy and the students can non concentrate good. Teachers and parents must aware of the importance of critical thought and they must recognize why they have to promote the critical thought and what the grounds that can do them make their best to get the better of the old jobs. Critical thought is of import in widening the statements in different instances, to bring forth the students thoughts.Critical thought enables students to work hand in glove particularly in concluding and constructive undertakings. It helps students to get cognition, better their ain apprehension. It enhances educational procedures. It helps in work outing jobs. It is really of import in the new cognition. It enables students to cover with alterations rapidly and efficaciously. It makes students, are flexible. It acquires students ‘ rational accomplishments and ability to analyse recent information. It improves and supports linguistic communication and the presentation accomplishments. It improves the manner of students, treatment and look particularly their express about their thoughts. It improves abilities of comprehension. It helps students to analyse the texts logically. It leads to creativeness, it is non indispensable to acquire new thoughts but to measure these thoughts and how to choose the best 1s peculiarly which related to the undertaking at manus.Critical thought is really of import factor to warrant and reflect our values and determinations. It enables students to use it in day-to-day life.It enables students to be self rating. It makes students have careful contemplations on the good principals of concluding and do a witting attempt to internalise them. It is an of import tool that can take to meta-cognition and Meta- thought accomplishments. The inquiry now is what deduction for learning, in the research, I will seek to concentrate on the of import accomplishments that fit our educational system and suited for the jobs that mentioned before, the first 1 is implicating the critical reading, in this method, the best tow methods that enable us to promote critical reading is to including use Media in the category for illustration, newspapers, , magazines and advertisement these things can assist pupils to develop the accomplishment of critical hearing and reading. The 2nd one is literature aa‚ ¬ † it is said- the most powerful tool for learning thought that is because it gives the students opportunities than any other portion in course of study in measuring the thoughts, values and ethical inquiries, it makes the students interact with the book. The 2nd accomplishment is composing, The best method is to show in two stairss, the first is called, first-order and second-order thought, in the first method, it is a sort of free authorship, unplanned and free association type of heuristic authorship that is for assisting students to detect which subject they think. One of the benefits of this method, it makes students produce interior constructs. The 2nd order is really necessary that followup of free composing to give them opportunities for logic and control. The 3rd measure is classification games.It is really of import because it helps students to believe logically and understand abstract constructs.This accomplishment requires the designation for properties and maintaining into signifiers that is harmonizing to specific regulations. Classify concrete objects is an appropriate activity for kids besides the verbal analogies are fit to a scholar of any age. Application to a broad assortment of environmental objects must be followed. Actually it is really appropriate to the particular topics like Math, scientific discipline and enquiry attack to science but it is rather difficult to use in capa ble like societal surveies. One of the most effectual attacks in learning critical thought is the attack of encephalon storming particularly it will assist the students to entree their anterior cognition about the subject they read so, classify and retain the new information. There are several accomplishments that instructors and parents should make to back up students to be critical minds. The students should understand the logical connexions between thoughts.They should place, concept and evaluate statements. They should observe consistences and common errors in concluding. They should work out jobs consistently. They should place the relevancy and importance of the thoughts. They should be able to reflect on justification of one ‘s ain beliefs and value, Finally, learning accomplishments of critical thought in our schools has become necessary. To dispute the rapid development in our modern universe, students should be rich in critical thought. As the essay offers the definition of critical thought, there are a batch of mental procedures that depend on how to scope heads of students. Teachers should hold the accomplishment of critical thought to be able to better the pupilsaa‚ ¬a„? abilities to believe logically. It is argued that there are a batch of jobs that face the application of critical thought.Researches should happen more solutions and new schemes to installation learning critical thought because it is the manner to creativeness. Creativity that we need to bring forth coevalss, they will be able to get by with the civilsations, struggle.

10 Ways to Keep Fit

The Dorm Room Diet Start chugging. Water helps you curb food cravings and feel fuller longer — all for a grand total of zero calories. Sip on your water bottle throughout the day to stay hydrated and lose some of that holiday weight. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is. There are tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashian’s â€Å"Fit In Your Jeans By Friday† series and â€Å"The Pussy Cat Dolls’ Workout. † Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesn’t swipe them. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is.There are tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashian’s â€Å"Fit In Your Jeans By Friday† series and â€Å"The Pussy Cat Dolls’ Workout. † Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesn’t swipe them. Don’t touch that dial. Squeeze in a little exercise when your favorite TV show takes a commercial break. Valerie Orsoni, founder of LeBootCamp, recommends fi tting in a minute each of marching in place, squats, pushups and crunches, followed by an additional minute of marching in place for a mini exercise boost.Muscular System: Muscle MetabolismDownload an app. Grab your iPhone and download Body Fitness, a free application that offers over 320 exercises, complete with instructions and photos. As an added bonus, download Lose It! (also free! ) to track your calorie intake and how much you burn off from the exercise. Clean up. Vacuum, dust and put away your laundry to get a spotless dorm room and a thinner shape. Just 30 minutes of household cleaning burns 85 calories for a 125-pound person. Don’t skip.While cutting out food might seem like the best way to shed pounds, skipping meals slows down your metabolism, which eventually causes you to gain more weight. Eat regular meals full of filling veggies and lean protein to keep your weight in check. Buy some motivation. Use those holiday gift certificates to pick up some exercise gear, suggests Morgan. Exercise bands, a medicine ball and a yoga mat can be bought online and kept in your room to give you the initiative to get moving.Bust a move. No need to head out to the hottest frat party to get your muscles moving. Crank up the tunes and dance the afternoon away to burn some extra calories. If free-styling isn’t your thing, turn on â€Å"Dance Dance Revolution† for a few choreographed steps. Redecorate. Give your room a fresh new look and give your muscles a rigorous workout. Rearranging furniture is serious exercise, so give your dorm the new setup you’ve been dying to try out.

Commercial Influences

Scientific research, considered to be the absolute study by universities or other non-commercial institutions, is now becoming commercialized gradually. However, the involvement of business into the professional studies brings more negative impacts than positive ones. Apparently, some special areas that are popular with commercial industries, are now suffering difficult challenges. Therefore, this essay will emphasize how businesses influence science negatively. Indeed, the involvement of commercial companies influences both scientists’ independence and the relevant balance of different areas. Firstly, scientists who are engaged in some areas being sponsored by commercial institutions appear to lose certain parts of their patents and be more dependent on businesses. For example, it is clear that almost all engineering department in the UK have received funding from the arms industry (text 3a, lines 27-30). Meanwhile, the research scientists carrying on would be required to consider commercial interests more than public needs. Some scientists would be limited to express their own concerns, such as Nancy Olivieri, who is the haematologist of university and have been stopped to publicize her own concerns of the drug toxicity (text 3b, lines 64-66). Secondly, in terms of short-term interests, most companies prefer to participate in some research that is intended to be immediately profitable so that other areas that need a long-term study would be neglected. Definitely, it is so hard for those studies that focus on environmental problems, such as ‘blue-sky’ research and ‘low-input’ agriculture, to gain adequate support from businesses. Even if these research are low-cost and public would benefit lots from them, few companies are willing to cooperate with these studies (text 3a, lines 70-74). Although the excessive involvement of business could be increasingly detrimental, some areas will not worry about the fund any more if they can gain more support from business. To avoid the conflict between business and scientific research and to harness the commercial interest effectively, review panels can be set up to protect both science and public (text 3b, lines 120-125). In conclusion, the negative participation of businesses are now considered to be an obstacle to some extent, but what the social needs most should be an appropriate control from government to balance the commercial and public interests. However, the fact that the commercial behavior brings so bad impacts on the scientific environment cannot be neglected, so that we should approach the conflicts between them.

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TQM - Research Paper Example The paper will discuss the history of the balanced scorecard as a tool of performance measurement and management and outlines the detailed four perspectives of measuring the performance of the organization. The paper will also outline some benefits that are offered by the balanced scorecard as a tool of process improvement and performance measurement. The balanced scorecard was developed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1995 and considers four perspectives of organizational performance that include the financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business process and finally learning and growth perspective (Niven, 2005). According to Kaplan and Norton, the tool translates the organizational mission and strategy in set of performance measures that will determine the short-term and long-term organizational progress in executing the mission and strategy of the company (Niven, 2005). In this case, the tool is useful since it clarifies the vision and strategy and links the strategic objectives with the measures and further enhances the strategic feedback of the attainment of the corporate objectives. The financial perspective measures the economic performance of the actions taken by the firm such as the increase in revenues, the increase in profitability, the decline in the operational costs and decline in bad debts (Meyer, 2002). The short-term financial measures can include an increase in the number of sales units while the long-term financial measures will include increase in overall profitability and reduction in the operating costs. The customer perspective is geared at identifying the market segments and ensuring higher customer satisfaction and retention. High customer satisfaction will lead to higher customer loyalty and retention thus reducing the marketing costs and increasing the business revenues (Niven, 2005). The customer measures of performance include the number

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What Being A Leader Means To Me - Essay Example A good leader inspires confidence in their followers. When I was captain of the football team, my fellow teammates were confident in my leadership. When I would go over plays, my teammates knew I had the best interest of the team at heart. When my plays would be successful most of the time, my teammates grew more confident in my leadership. I knew that I was responsible for successful plays. The whole team looked to me. That meant hard work on my part. In order to inspire confidence, I had to offer successful plays. This was accomplished by researching other teams, not to mention the hours of plays I watched on video. I put in hours and hours in order to inspire confidence from my teammates. The second part of being a leader is setting example by actions, not just words. My teammates and I had to endure grueling practices. Some of my teammates might get injured and sit out on practices. I did not have that luxury. In order to set an example by action, I had to endure despite the pain, fatigue, and my body’s weakness. I had to continue in order to inspire my team. If I quit over an injury or fatigue, then I could never ask my teammates for one hundred ten percent, because I did not live up to that standard myself. If my teammates did twenty laps, I had to do twenty-one in order to prove I was a leader. I had to make every practice, or not expect my teammates to make every practice. Actions speak louder than words. My leadership is an action orientated leadership. Finally, as a leader I did make mistakes. Sometimes my plays were not always successful. Instead of blaming a teammate, I would accept the responsibility. However, when I made a mistake, I would learn from that mistake. If a certain teammate could not catch the ball, I did not put him in the position to catch the ball. Every individual has weaknesses and strengths. I would play to the

English Language in Puerto Rico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Language in Puerto Rico - Essay Example Due to the fact that Puerto Rico was once a colony of Spain, it is evident that these people has Spanish tongue in which they prefer to use such a language even though the island is somewhat under United States- their currency, form of government and even military security is from US (www.isreview.org)1 The question now rises, why is it that Puerto Ricans are not found of using the English language On the second note, despite the fact that English is their second language, why is it that there are only few that uses English as their language In this case, there are struggles involving trade, oneness and understanding between Puerto Ricans and English-speaking nations. There are a lot of accounts which "English has long been viewed on the island as both a tool of liberation and an instrument of oppression. Children are told from the earliest grades that English will be vital for their educational and professional advancement, while they are also cautioned that learning it too well may endanger their Puerto Rican identity (Pousada 1999)2". Torruellas (1990)3 studied three private schools, which is deemed as cradle of English teaching, found out that the level of mastery of English may vary on the social rank of the clientele of the particular private school. Only students in schools catering on the elites were only those who are trying to succeed in oral and written English. Students in middle class private schools had developed a sort of "counterculture" of resistance toward the language and its teachers. With this, difficulty in communicating with Puerto Ricans is still a complicated task to do and still a far-fetched dream for many. Phenomenon such as communicating through sign language with Puerto Ricans is still evident nowadays. There are accounts that show a "zero-communication" process with these people meaning it is next to impossible dream if you would try to communicate with these individuals if you are to use English as a medium. The fact that in 1990's Puerto Ricans presumes that if they are to sift from one language to another, then it would also be a room for these people to loose their identity. They deem that their language is the only language that is to be propagated and therefore learning another language is not their outmost priority. Also, Resnick's (1993)4 argue that Puerto Rican society has correctly assessed that language spread may lead to language shift which may then lead to language loss. This sense of patriotism is somewhat a hindrance for the majority of Puerto Ricans to learn English language. Being entangled in such a scenario, majority of them doesn't understand English and would not even comprehend simple English lessons or even sentences. Having this scenario, many Puerto Ricans in case they prefer to study in the United States are not performing well in their respective learning institutions or below par with regards to the expected outcome of their academic status. Also, educators deem that in order to fare with other students as well as for them to be globally competitive, the use of English language should be the priority rather than the propagation of Spanish language. It is very important than how English is presented is how Spanish is presented in this country, also, Puerto Rican Spanish suffers linguistic insecurity of speakers

Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis Essay

Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis - Essay Example The researchers examine and evaluate current literature and come to conclusion that the question of women compensation at work and safety issues is not examined yet. There is no substantial analysis of this system and its impact on organizational performance and women employees. The researchers claim that the current system of compensation is ineffective and does not benefit employees and employers. To verify their hypothesis, Calvey and Jansz use a phenomenological research approach. They explain that "the purpose of phenomenological reflection is to try to grasp the essential meaning of something Insight into the essence of a phenomenon involves a process of reflectively appropriating, of clarifying, and of making explicit the structure of meaning of the lived experience" (Van Manen, 1990: 77-78, cited Calvey, Jansz, 2005, p. 285). The hypothesis statement helps the researchers to identify the area of research and construct it in accordance with their hypothesis. Also, the hypothesis statement helps to avoid ambiguity during analysis of the results. In this article, the hypothesis statement is used to predict the conditions of compensation system and outcomes are most likely to occur.

5000 word essay Critically compare and contrast jungian therapy versus

5000 word Critically compare and contrast jungian therapy versus person centred counselling - Essay Example Therefore, this focuses on assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioural problems and disorders. If one desires to deal with this ability, it would encompass the efforts on the ways in which the human psyche interacts with physical, emotional, and social aspects of health and dysfunction. Clinical psychology uses the scientific method to approach and understand human problems in behaviour, emotions, thinking, relationships, and health, and it uses what is known about the principles of human behaviour to help people with numerous troubles and concerns they experience during the course of life in their relationships, emotions, and physical selves. Contemporary clinical psychology uses integrative approaches to understand and address problems in human behaviour. Individual perspectives, indeed, contribute important pieces of understanding to the puzzle of human behaviour, but these pieces often need to be joined in a novel way together to visualize the whole picture and to provide the most complete and holistic perspective. For example, advances in biology have provided important knowledge about the role of neurotransmitters in depression. Similarly personal variables, such as, poverty, discrimination, and community support in depression are well appreciated. Ultimately , an intelligent melding of these biological, psychological, and social factors leads to intervention strategies that best address the complex needs of depressed individuals. Thus, one theoretical orientation alone may not address the complexity of the person seeking help. Although various clinical psychologists may be closely aligned to one particular theoretical or philosophical orientation, most contemporary clinical psychologists believe that problems in human behaviour are multidimensional, and they, therefore, use an integrative approach that suggests that

The Color Purple Essay Example for Free

The Color Purple Essay The novel the color purple by Alice Walker is well known for is revolutionary theme of black lesbianism. Until this novel and other leading writers touched on the subject of black lesbianism, it was viewed as dirty and unspeakable. The protagonist, Celie, brings respect and positive attributes to the idea of black lesbianism. Walker’s depicture of Celie not only relates constructive events towards lesbianism, but also journeys through the rejection of male dominance and how it brings Celie freedom. Most of Celie’s freedom comes in the form of monetary relief and independence. However freedom also comes from Celie’s change of world view; from a repressive patriarchal society and God to a gentle and softer version of religion. Walker emphasizes the oppression black women face in relationships with black men (brothers, fathers, husbands, lovers) and the bond the women must form with each other in order to free themselves. Right from the beginning of the novel, Walker introduces a hard to digest picture of rape, incest, and sexual cruelty. He never had a kine word to say to me†¦ Then he push his thing inside my pussy. When that hurt, I cry. He start to choke me† (Walker 1). This telling of rape by her father is also seen through the eyes of the reader as lacking emotion or at least the emotions such as anger and anguish that come with an event such as rape. Celie’s life begins to form into a picture of a slave’s, with her missing feelings and reactions to the horrible fates that befall her. After this rape, Celie becomes pregnant and is forced to separate with her child straight after. According to Ana Marie Fraile-Marcos who wrote a critical essay on Walker’s â€Å"womanist† representation of lesbianism, Celie’s sexual abuse becomes endemic after her two successive pregnancies and deliveries. Celie seems to accept sexual exploitation and oppression as shaping factors in her life and not only does Celie become a sexual object, her story also echoes the life of a slave. An auction scene is called to mind when Celie is told to walk in front of Albert, while he decides whether or not to take her as his new wife. Along with the physical oppression, Celie also has to endure psychological oppression due to her sexual exploitation. During Celie’s pregnancies, she had to put up with the confusing torment of her mother at the same time as her father blames her for her mother’s slow passing. Finally Celie’s mother passes cursing her, although Celie is at a loss to what she did wrong. Next to her mother’s negative affliction, Celie also curses herself and believes that she is on the road to hell for committing incest imposed on her by her father. In her mind, Celie is living in â€Å"sin without redemption† (Fraile-Marcos). The men were forces of her oppression, which made Celie turn towards women for her liberation. During her childhood, Celie was close with her sister and found a love that she would sincerely protect. â€Å"She scared. But I say I’ll take care of you. † Although Celie’s love for Nettie is a bond that lasts through the whole novel, the most important figure to influence Celie’s change in submissiveness is Shug Avery. Through uncovering the letters Nettie wrote to Celie, forcing Albert to beat Celie less, and just being the woman who did whatever she wanted, Shug was the leading character who taught Celie the beauty of sexuality. After quizzing Celie in Shug’s first stay, Shug deemed Celie a virgin due to her never having sex with someone that she loves. From that point, Shug begins to teach her about the female body, which Celie enjoys because sexuality turns from a negative and repressive force, to one that becomes exciting. Shug’s most important contribution to Celie’s self-realization is love, both sexually and spiritually† (Fraile-Marcos). Through this self-realization, Celie comes to the conclusion that she has a sister who loves her and will always write to her, and has Shug who has the intention of loving her and helping her get on her feet. All of the forces involved in Celie’s positive evolution come from the female gender, which leads Celie to her chang e in religion. Shug’s spiritual contribution to Celie’s self realization is the modification of the picture of God in Celie’s mind. At the start of the novel, Celie’s version of God was one who was a white authority figure, who only gave orders and punished the people who stepped out of line. â€Å"Okay, I say. He big and old and tall and graybearded and white. He wear white robes and go barefooted† (Walker 194). Celie’s version of God did not have time for her and saw her sufferings as something to just move on from. However, Shug soon initiates a spiritual awakening that begins with her description of God, who doesn’t have specific characteristics and instead is more a spiritual presence. God ain’t a he or a she, but an It†¦ Don’t look like nothing, she say. It ain’t a picture show. It ain’t something you can look at apart from anything else, including yourself† (Walker 195). Shug showed that God was found within everyone and everything, instead of a figure impossible to relate to. Celie’s journey dragged her from a hellish, detached exis tence to a life she could feeling pulsing through her body. After her self-revelation and freedom from oppression, Celie supported herself thorough making pants. This created an independent woman out of Celie, and taught her to rely on herself more than the people around her such as her oppressors or even Shug. Believing God was a white, despotic figure lead Celie to her rejection of the world, rejection to male dominance, and her acceptance of an unfair society. However, femininity brought Celie back to the world and showed her the kind, caring, and gentle side of life. Walker took the reader through a journey of finding Celies personal voice and also helped the reader accept and appreciate the rejection of male dominance.

Why China has grown faster then India

Why China has grown faster then India Introduction: Comparative studies between China and India are becoming more popular now in the international level. China and India are among the largest economies in the world today. While the Chinese economy has surpass India by a wide margin over the past 15 years. I am comparing the growth experiences of China and India at a broad level, explaining why China has grown faster than India by focusing on the comparison of GDP, Exchange rates policies, Monetary and Fiscal policies, and Unemployment in India and China. In this study will analyze why per capita national income is so much higher in China than in India? And why Chinas GDP is growing so much faster? And why unemployment remains high in both the countries and how the Governments addressing the Unemployment factors? Why GDP per capita national income is so much higher in China than in India? In 1978, after years of state controlled productive assets, the Chinese government invests on a major economic reform program. In an effort to awaken economic giant, it encouraged the formation of rural enterprises, private businesses, liberalized foreign trade and investment. China also relaxed state control over some prices, invested in industrial production and stressed on education of its workforce. The growth in the country is accumulated capital assets, such as new factories, manufacturing machinery and communications systems. Economic development has suggested a significant role for capital investment in economic growth, and a sizable portion of Chinas recent growth is in fact attributable to capital investment that has made the country more productive. In other words, new machinery, better technology and more investment in infrastructure have helped to increase its output. Being hospitable to foreign investment, Chinas open-door policy has added power to the economic transformation. Cumulative foreign direct investment, negligible before 1978, reached nearly US$100 billion in 1994. Annual inflows increased from less than 1% of total fixed investment in 1979 to 18% in 1994. The foreign money helped China built factories, creates more jobs, linked China to international markets and led to important transfers of technology. These trends are especially apparent in the more than one dozen open coastal areas where foreign investors enjoy tax advantages. In addition, economic liberalization has boosted exports which rise 19% a year during 1981-1994. Strong export growth, in turn, appears to have fueled productivity growth in domestic industries. (Zuliu Hu, Mohin S.Khan, 1997) GDP Per Capita (Current US$) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 China 1,731 2,072 2,660 3,422 3,744 India 765 855 1,096 1,065 1,134 (Adapted from The World Bank Group, 2010) Why Chinas GDP is growing so much faster? GDP: Comparative Analysis between China and India As per IMF (International Monetary Fund) report, China was the fourth largest economy of the world by nominal GDP in 2006, where as India was 12th. China registered GDP growth rate of 14.2% in the first half of 2007, where as India has registered a 9.6% GDP growth in June 2007. Chinese economy is worth $4900 billion, whereas the India economy is worth of $1300 billion. GDP Growth (Annual %) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 China 11.3 12.7 14.2 9.6 9.1 India 9.3 10.1 9.6 5.1 7.7 (Adapted from The World Bank Group, 2010) GDP (Current US$) 2006 2007 2008 2009 China 2,716,870,000,000 3,505,530,000,000 4,532,790,000,000 4,984,730,000,000 India 949,192,000,000 1,232,820,000,000 1,214,210,000,000 1,310,170,000,000 (Adapted from The World Bank Group, 2010) Chinas economy seems to be a better bet, for unlike China; India is yet to prove that it can sustain high growth rates over a period of time. The general feeling is that despite having a boom in technology, services and IT sector, the Indian economy still eventually depends on good monsoons, meaning that agriculture continues to dominate the Indian economy more than it should. (Arvinder Singh, May/June 2005) Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (BoP, Current US$) The FDI flow depends on the market size, market growth rates, political stability, corruption, exchange rates, labor productivity, economic freedom, infrastructure, openness, human capital and taxes. China got $79 billion in 2005 in FDI and India did not even get $ 7 billion in FDI. In 2009 there is slight change in Chinas FDI of about $78 billion dollars but India made a good progress of raising $34 billion in FDI compared to year 2005. The study tried to explore this phenomenon and to understand the drivers for attracting foreign investment in emerging economies. India despite being the largest democracy in the world has lagged behind due to its focus on services and specialized skill based relatively small manufacturing model in contrast to China. India growth model has been based on IT, ITES and skilled manufacturing which are dependent on the availability of human skill and capital in an emerging market. (Swapna S Sinha, Apr-Sep 2008) FDI, Net inflows (BoP, Current US$) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 China 79,126,731,413 78,094,665,751 138,413,000,000 147,791,000,000 78,192,727,413 India 7,606,425,242 20,335,947,448 25,127,155,852 41,168,605,242 34,577,000,000 (Adapted from The World Bank Group, 2010) China is regularly getting 10 to 12 times more foreign investment than India. In India the number have come up, they will probably come up more. I believe China has a more competitive manufacturing sector than India and that is derived primarily from Chinas greater degree of openness than India. That does not mean that India does not have many world class manufacturing companies, it certainly does, but on an average the competitive environment in China is much stronger because its tariff being much lower. (Wanda Tseng, 2006) Trade in Goods (Imports, Exports and Trade Balance) in China India: Trade with China Month Exports Imports Balance January 2010 6,888.8 25,185.1 -18,296.3 February 2010 6,855.1 23,363.8 -16,508.8 March 2010 7,403.6 24,300.2 -16,896.6 April 2010 6,591.2 25,905.7 -19,314.5 May 2010 6,752.7 29,036.8 -22,284.1 June 2010 6,715.0 32,866.5 -26,151.5 July 2010 7,344.7 33,260.0 -25,915.3 August 2010 7,253.5 35,288.5 -28,035.0 Total 55,804.6 229,206.7 -173,402.1 Note: All figures are in millions of US dollars on a nominal basis, not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified. (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2010) Trade with India Month Exports Imports Balance January 2010 1,295.5 2,079.4 -783.9 February 2010 1,235.2 1,958.1 -722.9 March 2010 1,454.8 2,472.4 -1,017.6 April 2010 1,671.2 2,650.0 -978.8 May 2010 1,852.9 2,672.6 -819.7 June 2010 1,690.6 2,532.6 -841.9 July 2010 1,800.2 2,591.4 -791.2 August 2010 1,716.8 2,773.5 -1056.7 Total 12,717.1 19,729.9 -7012.7 Note: All figures are in millions of US dollars on a nominal basis, not seasonally adjusted unless otherwise specified. (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2010) ? Exchange Rate Policies in two countries: China policy The debate over the exchange rate between the Renminbi (RMB) and the Dollar is usually framed in terms of global imbalances, excessive US consumption beyond its savings on the one hand, and excessive Chinese production and savings beyond its own spending on the other. This quickly leads to a conclusion that the United States should export and save more and China should import and spend more. Leaders in the United States would like the RMB to appreciate significantly and quickly to encourage an expansion of US exports and employment. The argument for a sustained appreciation of the RMB is rooted not only in short term concerns about Chinas large current account surplus, but also in long term trends of Chinas economic fundamentals, including high growth rate, rapid urbanization and industrialization, low national debt and low fiscal deficits. These trends are the result of three decades of reform in China that have opened the country to trade with the rest of the world and led to strong productivity gains. Based on the experience of other fast growing industrializing economies, these forces will increase Chinese wages, the value of the RMB and Chinas price level over time. (Steven Dunaway, 2010) (Geng Xiao, 2010) Indian Policy With the appreciation of the rupee/dollar exchange rate in early May and the expectation of interest rate hike, there was some appreciation of the rupee and that could hurt exports. In particular, it would hurt the low value added exports from small and medium enterprises. The recent recovery in exports happens to be the biggest factor for a sharp rise in industrial output growth; this imminent rate hike was opposed. There were calls for the Reserve Bank of India to intervene in the forex market to contain the strength of the rupee largely to support the export sector recovery. There were even suggestions to continue the export incentives that were part of the overall stimulus packages of 2009. These suggestions are based on the assumption that in India, a weak rupee would encourage exports and thus, help the overall growth recovery. Many economists have argued for intervention in the forex market, and some Asian economies, notable China maintain artificially undervalued exchange rates to maintain international competitiveness. (N R Bhanumurthy, 2010) Monetary and Fiscal Policies in two countries: Indian Monetary Policy The Reserve bank continues its tightening cycle as inflation pressures are building, by raising reserve requirements and its main interest rates since the beginning of the year. Indian Fiscal Policy The budget for the 2010-11 fiscal year projects improvements for the deficit after the fiscal stimulus of last year and the large one off expenditures of the year before. As a share of GDP, the deficit is expected to reach 7.8% of GDP from 9.6% last year and 11.8% in 2008-09. The improvement will come from a combination of weaker expenditure growth from reduced subsidies and greater revenues from the acceleration of economic growth. The reversal of indirect tax cuts that were part of the fiscal stimulus package, the expansion of the tax base and the revival of the privatization program, as well as the one time sale of G3 licenses, which generated over US$ 15 billion. Solvency indicators will improve again, but are expected to remain above comfortable levels, with public debt to GDP reaching 68% by 2014-15. (Export Development Canada, 2010) Unemployment in China India and Remedial Measures by the Government: Causes of Unemployment in China This country has largest population in the world. The work force available is too large. Every year new generation is added to the already available work force. It is very difficult for any government to find jobs for millions of young people entering in the job market. In 2004 the estimation was that 15 million young people will enter the job market and only about 8 million jobs were expected to be created in that year. The other major reason behind the unemployment is the type of jobs offered. There is lack of jobs for the graduates and literate young people. I feel that the ever increasing population and lack of the English speaking workforce are the two major causes of unemployment in China. Causes of Unemployment in India There are individual factors like age, slow pace of development, high growth rate of population, slow industrialization, slow growth rate of agriculture etc. Every year Indian population increases manifold. More than this every year about 5 million people become eligible for securing jobs. Self employment field is subject to ups and downs of trade cycle and globalization. Technological advancement contributes to economic development, but unplanned and uncontrolled growth of technology is causing havoc on job opportunities. The Chinese government is addressing the unemployment issues by promoting growth of tertiary industries, by increasing financial support and implementing favorable policy for non state sector especially small medium companies in private sector. It is also readjusting the employment concept and is preparing laborers with practical job training and education. Conclusion: The main reason why Chinas GDP is higher than Indias is that the growth of China has resulted from the rapid rise in the manufacturing of high-tech goods in the country under the large scale high tech manufacturing firms like Lenovo, Baidu.com and Huawei Technologies. The infrastructural development in China has also been quite high than that of India, which has added to growth of the Chinese GDP. China spends 11% of GDP on infrastructure and India spends 6% of GDP on infrastructure. (Geethanjali Nataraj, 2010)